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Acoustic properties of distilled water

Air-free distilled water is non-dispersive but the temperature dependence of sound speed is anomalous, mainly because of the temperature dependence of the adiabatic compressibility of the water molecule itself; the maximum speed occurs at a temperature of approximately 74.16 °C. The pressure coefficient is approximately + 0.156 m s⁻¹ atm⁻¹at 20 °C (see Del Grosso and Mader, 1972, Chen and Millero, 1976, Bilaniuk and Wong, 1993). The estimated uncertainty in the tabulated values is less than ± 0.02 m s⁻¹. The attenuation of sound in distilled water is proportional to f ², at least for the range 3–70 MHz, but is considerably in excess of that expected from the shear viscosity alone. The excess is attributed to structural relaxation between an open type of molecular structure, where each water molecule has four nearest neighbours tetrahedrally arranged about it, and a closer type of packing in which there are twelve nearest neighbours (see Litovitz and Davis, 1965).

Properties of sound in distilled water

t [°C]	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
c [ms−1]	1402.39	1447.28	1482.36	1509.14	1528.88	1542.56	1551.00	1554.80	1554.49	1550.48	1543.09

Freezing Point of Ethanol based Water Solutions

Ethanol Concentration (% by volume)	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Temperature [°C]	0	-4	-9	-15	-23	-32	-37	-48	-59	-73	-73
Temperature [°F]	32	25	15	5	-10	-25	-35	-55	-75	-110	-175

Flash Points of Ethanol based Water Solutions

The flash point of a chemical is the lowest temperature where it will evaporate enough fluid to form a combustible concentration of gas. The flash point is and indication of how easy a chemical may burn.

Ethanol Concentration (% by volume)	0	10	20	30	40	50	60	70	80	90	100
Temperature [°C]	-	57	41	32	27	27	27	27	24	18	13
Temperature [°F]	-	135	105	90	80	80	80	80	75	65	55